主谓不倒装的几种情况

【作者：唐教员,编号62 更新时间：2014-11-09】

       英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来。现代英语句子的基本语序为S＋V型，即“主语＋谓语”结构。倒装句就是把全部或部分谓语放在主语之前,以符合某些语法要求或达到某些修辞效果，因此从功能上看，倒装分为“语法倒装”和“修辞倒装”。从语法角度讲，学习者要知道什么情况下句子需要倒装；从修辞角度讲，要知道怎样倒装才能使句子显得更顺畅。在需要倒装的各种句型中，有时主语与谓语并不发生倒装。本文对主谓不倒装的几种情况和用法进行归纳，以便学习者掌握和运用。

      1．在疑问句中，如果疑问词做主语或者作定语修饰主语，主语与谓语不发生倒装。例如：       
      What made you so angry?
      Which way is quicker — by bus or by train?
      How many athletes took part in the 29th Olympic Games? 

      2．陈述式疑问句主语与谓语不发生倒装。
      You don’t know the famous writer?
      Then you know what happened to them later?
      He went to work with breakfast?

     3．句首否定词只否定或修饰句子主语，构成主语的一部分时，主语与谓语不发生倒装。例如：
      No words can express my grief.
      Not all the students have read the book.
     Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month.

      4．如果置于句首的由only引导的词组不是状语，而是主语，则主谓不发生倒装。例如：
     Only you can do it.
     Only some of the children like English.
     Only five people were hurt in the accident; the rest were uninjured.

     5．置于句首的Not only… but also连接两个分句时，只在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果仅连接做主语的两个并列词组，则主语与谓语不发生倒装。例如：  
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
Not only the grandparents but also the aunts, uncles and cousins were there.
Not only teachers but also students realize the importance of learning English.

      6．当句首状语为here, there, now, then, such等词语置于句首起强调作用,谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等，句子的主语为人称代词时，主语与谓语不发生倒装。例如：
Here she stopped speaking to wipe her eyes.
—Where is the man we talked about yesterday?
—Here he comes.　
Then he came, followed by some officials.
Such a good teacher she is just as we expect. 

      7．如果两句的主语相同,后句只是进一步肯定或强调前句。这时，把副词性替代词so提前,后面的主谓语序不倒装。例如：
    —You were invited to that party, weren’t you?  
    — So I was, I’d forgotten.
    —Bob didn’t know about it.  
    —So he didn’t.
    Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
    —They won the championship five years ago. 
    — So they did.

     8．如果前一分句中有几种不同形式的谓语，后一分句表达相同情况时，不能使用so引起的倒装句，而要So it is / was（the same）with ---句型，这时主语与谓语不发生倒装。例如： 
    Jim likes swimming, but doesn’t like fishing. So it is with Dick.
    Marx was born in Germanyand German was his native language. So it was with Engels.
    He was born in 1968 and joined the Party in 1988. So it was the same with my brother.

    9．以what, how引导的感叹句，主语与谓语不发生倒装。例如：
    What a lovely birthday present the old lady has received.
    How I longed for those carefree days!
    How well he plays the violin.

    10．在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词、分词或名词等置于句首，将表语或状语提前，其结构一般为“形容词、副词、分词或名词+ as / though +主语+谓语”。例如：
     Young as I am, I already know what career I want to follow.
    Busy as he is, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule.
    Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.
    Woman as she is, she is courageous.
    Child though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

    11．强调宾语而前置时，主语与谓语不发生倒装。例如：
     Twenty-one dollars they took for it.
    Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.
    The past one can know, but the future one can only feel.
    Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him.

     12．为了生动地描写动作, in, out, away, up, down, off等将表示动态的副词、方位词、地点状语等置于句首，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词,这时句子须倒装。如果主语是代词，则主语与谓语不发生倒装。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。例如：
     Down he jumped from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.
    Out they came from under the bed.
    There she goes now!
    Over it turns.



参考文献
1．Hornby, A.S.《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第四版增补本）》，商务印书馆，牛津大学出版社2002年
2．包天仁《英语奥林匹克高三分册》吉林教育出版社. 2002年
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